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Council of Constantinople (867)
The Council of Constantinople of 867 was convened by Patriarch Photios to address the question of Papal supremacy over all of the churches and their patriarchs and the use of the Filioque.
== Context ==
At least three councils (in 867, 869, and 879) were held in Constantinople over the deposition of Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople by Emperor Michael III and his replacement by Photios. The Pope in disagreement held a synod at the Lateran in 863 that reversed the decision of the Eastern Churches and the Emperor; this was taken by the East as an unacceptable intervention by the Pope of Rome. Pope Nicholas I had attempted to remove Photios and reappoint Ignatius as the Patriarch of Constantinople by his own authority and decree. Thus, the Pope was intervening in matters of Imperial authority as well as in the other churches of the East and their own internal councils and authorities, which they understood to be outside the Pope's own jurisdiction of Rome (and perhaps the rest of the West; at the time of these councils there were no other Patriarchs in the West other than Rome, whereas there were four Patriarchs of the East).
The Council at Constantinople in 867 excommunicated Pope Nicholas I and declared him anathema. In addition, Roman claims of papal primacy, his contacts with Bulgaria,〔 and the filioque clause were condemned. Pope Nicholas I subsequently died and was replaced by Pope Adrian II.〔
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